Some of the skills we test you on relate to your ability to extract information from texts. This ability is the gateway to intelligent reading. We also make you aware of the need to organize your writing. In essay-type assignments, you must organize your points; you must have a clear, logical argument; you must be able to paraphrase and quote; and you must be able to summaries. Assignment 1 has to be completed on a mark reading sheet. You will find instructions on how to fill in a mark reading sheet in the booklet my Studies Unions that was issued to you when you registered. Please make sure that you filled the unique number in correctly to ensure that the mark reading sheet does not go astray. Plagiarism N. Plagiarism is a serious offense and that is why it is extremely important to provide references in your assignment.

Marks will be deducted from your assignment if you do not reference or if you copy information from any source without providing a reference. Their health conditions deteriorate in prisons which are overcrowded, where nutrition is poor, sanitation inadequate and access to fresh air and exercise often unavailable. Psychiatric disorders, HIV infection, tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, sexually transmitted diseases, skin diseases, malaria, malnutrition, diarrhea and injuries including self- mutilation are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in prison. In countries with a high prevalence of TB in the outside community, prevalence of TB can be up to times higher inside the prisons. In most countries HIV infection in prisons is significantly higher than within the population outside prison, especially where drug addiction and risk behaviors are prevalent.

Prison staff are also vulnerable to most of the diseases of which prisoners are at risk. Prisons are not isolated from the society and prison health is public health. The vast majority of people committed to prison eventually return to the wider society. Thus, it is not in vain that prisons have been referred to as reservoirs of disease in various contexts. When a member of a family is imprisoned, the disruption of the family structure affects relationships between spouses, as well as between parents and children, reshaping the family and community across generations. Mass imprisonment produces a deep social transformation in families and communities. Pre-trial detention There are three main issues that need to be taken into consideration in the context of pre-trial detention: firstly, pre-trial detention is overused in most countries worldwide and in many developing countries the size of the pre-trial prisoner population is larger than that of the convicted prisoner population.

This situation contradicts the provisions in international standards, including ICCPR, that provide for the limited use of pre-trial detention, only when certain conditions are present. Secondly, pre-trial detention is the period most open to abuse in the criminal justice process. Recognizing the particular vulnerability of pre-trial detainees, international human rights instruments provide for a large number of very specific safeguards to ensure that the rights of detainees are not abused, that they are not ill-treated and their access to justice not hindered. Thirdly, although pre-trial detainees should be presumed innocent until found guilty by a court of law, and treated as such, conditions in pre-trial detention are often much worse than those of prisons for convicted prisoners.

Prison authorities have a responsibility to ensure that the supervision and treatment of prisoners is in line with the rule of law, with respect to individuals' human rights, and that the period of imprisonment is used to prepare individuals for life outside prison following release. But often national legislation and rules relating to the management of prisons are outdated and in need of reform. In many countries the prison department is under the authority of police or military institutions and managers and staff have received no specific training regarding prison management.

Staff morale is usually low and effective leadership to drive prison reform is lacking. Information collection and management systems are also very inadequate or non-existent in many prison systems worldwide, hindering the development of sound policies and strategies based on reliable, factual data. Alternative Measures and Sanctions Overcrowding is a key concern in almost all prison systems worldwide, while punitive criminal policies, as well as a shortage of social protection services in the community, continue to contribute to the rapid growth of the prison population in many countries. As mentioned earlier, overcrowding is the root cause of many human rights violations in prisons. Solutions to overcrowding need to be explored and implemented in almost all countries.

While overcrowding can be temporarily decreased by building new prisons, practice shows that trying to overcome the harmful effects of prison overcrowding through the construction of new prisons does not provide a sustainable solution. In addition, building new prisons and maintaining them is expensive, putting pressure on valuable resources. Instead, numerous international instruments recommend a rationalization in sentencing policy, including the wider use of alternatives to prison, aiming to reduce the number of people being isolated from society for long periods. The use of non-custodial sanctions and measures also reflects a fundamental change in the approach to crime, offenders and their place in society, changing the focus of penitentiary measures from punishment and isolation, to restorative justice and reintegration.

Thus, the implementation of penal sanctions within the community, rather than through a process of isolation from it, offers in the long term better protection for society. Social Reintegration One of the principle objectives of the United Nations in the area of prison reform is to contribute to the successful reintegration of prisoners into society following their release. Social reintegration initiatives should start as early as possible within the criminal justice process in order to have maximum effect. This means that diversion from the criminal justice process especially of vulnerable groups to appropriate treatment programmes, non-custodial sanctions, instead of isolation from society and purposeful activities and programmes in prisons, can all be considered as elements of a comprehensive "social reintegration" policy.

Interventions to support former prisoners following release from prison, continuum of care in the community for those in need, will all be more effective if the period in prison is used to prepare a prisoner for re-entry to society. This policy requires close coordination between criminal justice institutions and social protection and health services in the community and probation services where they exist. Healthcare Equivalence of healthcare and the right to health is a principle that applies to all prisoners, who are entitled to receive the same quality of medical care that is available in the community. However, this right is rarely realised in prisons, where usually healthcare services are extremely inadequate.

Prison health services are almost always severely under-funded and understaffed and sometimes non-existent. Most of the time under the responsibility of the authority in charge of the prisons administration, prison health services work in complete isolation from national health authorities, including national HIV and national TB programmes. Specific women's health needs are rarely addressed. The right to health includes not only the access to preventive, curative, reproductive, palliative and supportive health care but also the access to the underlying determinants of health, which include: safe drinking water and adequate sanitation; safe food; adequate nutrition and housing; safe health and dental services; healthy working and environmental conditions; health-related education and information and gender equality.

In addition, prison health is an integral part of public health, and improving prison health is crucial for the success of public health policies. The Commission shall submit an annual report to the President and may at any time submit special reports on any matter which, in its opinion, is of such urgency or importance that it should not be deferred till submission of the annual report. The President shall cause the annual and special reports of the Commission to be laid before the Parliament for discussion and consideration. Comparison with Developed country: Iraq Situation: Iraq's era under President Saddam Hussein was notorious for its severe violations of human rights.

Secret police, torture, mass murder, rape, deportations, forced disappearances, assassinations, chemical warfare, and the destruction of southern Iraq's marshes were some of the methods the country's Ba'athist government used to maintain control. The total number of deaths related to torture and murder during this period are unknown. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International issued regular reports of widespread imprisonment and torture. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. February Human rights organizations have documented government-approved executions, acts of torture and rape for decades since Saddam Hussein came to power in until his fall in Mass grave.

In , a resolution sponsored by the European Union was adopted by the Commission for Human Rights, which stated that there had been no improvement in the human rights crisis in Iraq. The statement condemned President Saddam Hussein's government for its "systematic, widespread and extremely grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law". The resolution demanded that Iraq immediately put an end to its "summary and arbitrary executions and the use of rape as a political tool and all enforced and involuntary disappearances". The Iraqi government controlled the establishment of political parties, regulated their internal affairs and monitored their activities.

Police checkpoints on Iraq's roads and highways prevented ordinary citizens from traveling across country without government permission and expensive exit visas prevented Iraqi citizens from traveling abroad. Before traveling, an Iraqi citizen had to post collateral. Iraqi females could not travel outside of the country without the escort of a male relative. The activities of citizens living inside Iraq who received money from relatives abroad were closely monitored. Halabja poison gas attack: The Halabja poison gas attack occurred in the period 15—19 March during the Iran—Iraq War when chemical weapons were used by the Iraqi government forces and thousands of civilians in the Iraqi Kurdish town of Halabja were killed.

Al-Anfal Campaign: In , the Hussein regime began a campaign of extermination against the Kurdish people living in Northern Iraq. This is known as the Anfal campaign. The attacks resulted in the death of at least , people, many of them women and children. In April , after Saddam lost control of Kuwait in the Persian Gulf War, he cracked down ruthlessly against several uprisings in the Kurdish north and the Shia south. His forces committed full-scale massacres and other gross human rights violations against both groups similar to the violations mentioned before. Estimates of deaths during that time range from 20, to , for Kurds, and 60, to , for Shi'ites. In June , the Hussein regime in Iraq established severe penalties, including amputation, branding and the death penalty for criminal offenses such as theft, corruption, currency speculation and military desertion, while government members and Saddam's family members were immune from punishments ranging around these crimes.

In , the Iraqi government amended the Constitution to make homosexuality defined as sodomy a capital offense. On March 23, , during the invasion of Iraq, Iraqi television presented and interviewed prisoners of war on TV, violating the Geneva Convention. Also in April , CNN revealed that it had withheld information about Iraq torturing journalists and Iraqi citizens in the s. According to CNN's chief news executive, the channel had been concerned for the safety not only of its own staff, but also of Iraqi sources and informants, who could expect punishment for speaking freely to reporters. Also according to the executive, "other news organizations were in the same bind. While most of the dead in the graves were believed to have died in the uprising against Saddam Hussein, some of them appeared to have died due to executions or died at times other than the rebellion.

Also after the invasion, numerous torture centers were found in security offices and police stations throughout Iraq. The equipment found at these centers typically included hooks for hanging people by the hands for beatings, devices for electric shock and other equipment often found in nations with harsh security services and other authoritarian nations. The term "Saddam's Dirty Dozen" was coined in October from a novel by E. Nathanson, later adapted as a film directed by Robert Aldrich and used by US officials to describe this group. Most members of the group held high positions in the Iraqi government and membership went all the way from Saddam's personal guard to Saddam's sons.

The list was used by the Bush Administration to help argue that the Iraq war was against Saddam Hussein and the Baath Party leadership, rather than against the Iraqi people. Qusay Hussein — , son of the president, head of the elite Republican Guard, believed to have been chosen by Saddam as his successor. Uday Hussein — , son of the president, had a private torture chamber, and was responsible for the rapes and killings of many women. He was partially paralyzed after a attempt on his life, and was leader of the paramilitary group Fedayeen Saddam and of the Iraqi media.

Taha Yassin Ramadan , Vice-President. He oversaw the mass killings of a Shi'a revolt in , and he was born in Iraqi Kurdistan. Tariq Aziz — , Foreign Minister of Iraq, backed up the executions by hanging of political opponents after the revolution of Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti , Hussein's brother, leader of the Iraqi secret service, Mukhabarat. He was Iraq's representative to the United Nations in Geneva. Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti , Hussein's half brother, he was the leader of the Mukhabarat during the Gulf War. Director of Iraq's general security from to He was involved in the suppression of Kurds. Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti — , Hussein's half brother, former senior Interior Minister who was also Saddam's presidential adviser. Shot in the leg by Uday Hussein in He has ordered tortures, rapes, murders and deportations.

Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri b. Aziz Saleh Nuhmah, appointed governor of Kuwait from November to February , ordered looting of stores and rapes of Kuwaiti women during his tenure. Also ordered the destruction of Shi'a holy sites during the s and s as governor of two Iraqi provinces. Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi , alias Saddam's thug, Prime Minister of Iraq from to — to have ordered many executions. According to The New York Times, "he [Saddam] murdered as many as a million of his people, many with poison gas. He tortured, maimed and imprisoned countless more. His unprovoked invasion of Iran is estimated to have left another million people dead. His seizure of Kuwait threw the Middle East into crisis. More insidious, arguably, was the psychological damage he inflicted on his own land.

Hussein created a nation of informants — friends on friends, circles within circles — making an entire population complicit in his rule". Other estimates as to the number of Iraqis killed by Saddam's regime vary from roughly a quarter to half a million, including 50, to , Kurds and 25, to , killed during the repression of the rebellion. Estimates for the number of dead in the Iran-Iraq war range upwards from , During the rebellion, several "dungeons" were liberated, revealing "disoriented and confused" inmates that believed Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr was still the president.

Of nearly 2 million refugees created by the crackdown on dissent, it is estimated that 1, died every day for a period of months due to unsanitary and inhumane conditions. The destruction of Shi'ite religious shrines by Hussein's regime has been called "comparable to the levelling of cities in the Second World War, and the damage to the shrines [of Hussein and Abbas] was more serious than that which had been done to many European cathedrals. After the genocide, some 1 million Kurds were allowed to resettle in "model villages". According to a U. Some, if not most, were surrounded by barbed wire, and Kurds could enter or leave only with difficulty. Other estimates have ranged as low as , children. UNICEF Executive Director Carol Bellamy said that if the substantial reduction in child mortality throughout Iraq during the s had continued through the s, there would have been half a million fewer deaths of children under-five in the country as a whole during the eight-year period to As a partial explanation, she pointed to a March statement of the Security Council Panel on Humanitarian Issues which states: "Even if not all suffering in Iraq can be imputed to external factors, especially sanctions, the Iraqi people would not be undergoing such deprivations in the absence of the prolonged measures imposed by the Security Council and the effects of war.

According to an internal report obtained by the Associated Press in March , nearly one-third of Rikers inmates had suffered a blow to the head by guards. On Friday, the state of Texas executed Lester Bower, 67, who became the oldest person to be executed in the US since the reinstatement of capital punishment in Bower had spent more than three decades on death row, including more than 14 years in solitary confinement. Woodfox has served over four decades in solitary confinement, more than anyone else in the United States. It was right here! So is the rest of the Bill of Rights. They are allowed to commit any crime, from fraud to insider trading to money laundering, with impunity.

Even this is not scheduled to take place until January , and is contingent on funding. At every turn, de Blasio has sought to defend prison guards and officials implicated in torture and violence. Despite the firing of guards and the resignations of three top officials, only one person, a guard, has been criminally charged for the reign of terror that has left several inmates dead, hundreds injured and untold thousands scarred for life. Justice in America is class justice, enforced by a state apparatus serving the interests of a ruling elite that presides over a bankrupt socio-economic system.

Capitalism, which has no solution to mounting poverty, unemployment and working class anger, relies increasingly on brute force to protect the interests of the financial oligarchy. List of Top 10 Most Brutal Dictators in Modern History: The concept of dictatorship as well as the use of force and systemic persecution of political opponents to stay in power dates back to the ancient Roman civilization, however, it was the modern history dictators who made it virtually a synonym for gross human rights violations and brutality.

Sadly, some of the most brutal dictators in modern history held power not so long ago. He ordered systematic racially based murder of about 11 million of people of which 6 million were Jews, while his foreign policy provoked World War II which claimed 50 to 70 million lives. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, , to avoid being captured by the Soviet Red Army that was advancing in Berlin. The future ally of the United States and Britain against the Nazi Germany was a paranoid man who brutally suppressed his political enemies as well as suspected opponents. The number of casualties of the Stalinist regime vary but about 14 to 20 million of people are estimated to have died in the penalty labor camps known as the gulags or were executed during the Great Purge in the s, while millions were deported and exiled.

Pol Pot — The leader of the Khmer Rouge and dictator of Cambodia from to was directly responsible for one of the severest genocides in modern history. In over countries National human rights institutions NHRIs have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country. Moreover, individuals should make no distinctions among one another irrespective of race, color, sex, language, etc. Thus, everyone has the right to enjoy human rights and they should know how to preserve their own dignity. Home Other Human Rights.

For written assignments, markers will comment constructively on your work. However, feedback on compulsory assignments will be sent to all students registered for this module in a follow-up tutorial letter, and not only to those students who submitted the assignments. The tutorial letter number will be , , etc. As soon as you have received the feedback, please check your answers. The assignments and the feedback on these assignments constitute an important part of your learning and should help you to be better prepared for the next assignment and the examination. Please note: Although students may work together when preparing assignments, can student must write Ana sodium Nils or her own individual assignment.

In other words, you must submit your own ideas in your own words, sometimes interspersing relevant short quotations that are properly referenced. It is unacceptable for students to submit identical assignments on the basis that they worked together. That is copying a form of plagiarism and none of hose assignments will be marked. Furthermore, you may be penalized or subjected to disciplinary proceedings by the university. Order your assignment! Explanation and Reading: You do not need your study guide or prescribed book to answer assignment 1. You will find it useful to read tutorial letter before attempting this assignment. The following ten multiple-choice questions are designed to make you aware of the reading and writing skills you need for this subject.

Some of the skills we test you on relate to your ability to extract information from texts. This ability is the gateway to intelligent reading. We also make you aware of the need to organize your writing. In essay-type assignments, you must organize your points; you must have a clear, logical argument; you must be able to paraphrase and quote; and you must be able to summaries. Assignment 1 has to be completed on a mark reading sheet. You will find instructions on how to fill in a mark reading sheet in the booklet my Studies Unions that was issued to you when you registered.

Please make sure that you filled the unique number in correctly to ensure that the mark reading sheet does not go astray. Plagiarism N. Plagiarism is a serious offense and that is why it is extremely important to provide references in your assignment. Marks will be deducted from your assignment if you do not reference or if you copy information from any source without providing a reference. Skip to content Words: order now. How to cite this assignment Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA. Human Rights and Assignment. Related assignments: Miss Assignment Islam, Human Rights and Rights of Minorities Assignment Animal Rights versus Human Rights Assignment Human rights Assignment.

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Aziz Saleh Nuhmah, appointed governor of Kuwait from November to February , ordered looting of stores and rapes of Kuwaiti women during his tenure. On Friday, the state of Texas executed Lester Bower, 67, who became the oldest person to be executed in the US since the reinstatement of capital punishment in Nadje S Al-Ali. Home Other Human Rights. ISIS Inside the Army of Terror. More than , people were arrested only during the first three years.

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